Modeling Techniques and Boundary Conditions in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Analysis: Latest Developments in Simulation and Integration of Machine Learning and Data-Driven Approaches

Research on abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) primarily focuses on developing a clear understanding of the initiation, progression, and treatment of AAA through
improved model accuracy. High-fidelity hemodynamic and biomechanical predictions are
essential for clinicians to optimize preoperative planning and minimize therapeutic risks.
Computational fluid dynamics (CFDs), finite element analysis (FEA), and fluid-structure
interaction (FSI) are widely used to simulate AAA hemodynamics and biomechanics.
However, the accuracy of these simulations depends on the utilization of realistic and
sophisticated boundary conditions (BCs), which are essential for properly integrating the
AAA with the rest of the cardiovascular system. Recent advances in machine learning
(ML) techniques have introduced faster, data-driven surrogates for AAA modeling. These
approaches can accelerate segmentation, predict hemodynamics and biomechanics, and
assess disease progression. However, their reliability depends on high-quality training data
derived from CFDs and FEA simulations, where BC modeling plays a crucial role. Accurate
BCs can enhance ML predictions, increasing the clinical applicability. This paper reviews
existing BC models, discussing their limitations and technical challenges. Additionally,
recent advancements in ML and data-driven techniques are explored, discussing their
current states, future directions, common algorithms, and limitations.