Transitions from Juridical to Empirical Statehood in Africa: A Case Study of Botswana and Somalia.

African states have been the subject of many studies and scholarly debates on state failure
in the Third World with much focus on the causes and consequences of state failure in the
continent. Theories presented focus on explanations ranging from the ethno linguistic
fragmentations, political and state incapacity, economic /neopatrimonial explanations and legal
explanations most of which do not tackle the issue of case variations within the continent. In this
paper, I focus on the theory of Robert Jackson with his explanations of juridical and empirical
statehood. I argue that even though African states inherited juridical (legal) statehood upon
independence and this has impacted negatively on effectiveness of the state, the condition has not
been stagnant for all states. There exists a post independence transition process to effective
empirical statehood and there are varying outcomes to this process. Where some states like
Botswana have succeeded, others like Somalia have failed. To find out the cause of these variations
in outcomes I devise a method of using existing theories of ethnic fragmentation and congruence of
pre-colonial and post-colonial institutions to test their causal value on the varying outcomes of the
transition process from juridical to empirical statehood. By making such an analysis, I reach the
conclusion that Identity whether ethnic or national does not hold a direct causal link or determine
the varying outcomes of success or failure of states in the transition process to effectiveness. It is
rather a contingent factor. I conclude that it is the pre and existing political culture within the state
that determines the outcome of the post independence transition process. Where the political
culture is similar to that of the modern Weberian state, the outcome of transition becomes
successful and vice versa.